Mod-01 Lec-23 Design of Retaining Wall

Retaining wall, because retaining wall is
very important structure in geotechnical engineering. So, to retain the soil, so we have to build
the structure for this type of retaining wall. So, there are different types of retaining
wall. We will discuss about various type of retaining wall, how to choose the dimension,
and what are the different factor of safety that we have to consider, during the design
of retaining wall, then those things will be discuss in this class. So, first I will
discuss about the different types of retaining wall. So, first the types of retaining wall. So, first one is our gravity retaining wall,
where we can go for this type of arrangement. This is ground surface, and this is, so this
type is filling material. Now depending upon it is weight, we will get the stability for
this type of gravity retaining wall. And this is constructed for PCC, plain cement concrete;
we will not use any reinforcement for this type of retaining wall. And this is not economical
for large height, if the retaining wall height is very large, then this type of retaining
wall is not very economical. But and then the next one is, a semi gravity retaining
wall, and this type of retaining wall. Again this is
ground surface; this is the retaining wall, where the size of retaining wall is slightly
reduced, compared to the gravity retaining wall, by providing small amount of reinforcement
in the back phase side. So, you can say that this is gravity retaining
wall, the most of the stability is given by the weight of this retaining wall, and here
reinforcement is not use. So, that is why, we have to use a very huge a size of retaining
wall, but in semi gravity retaining wall, the size of this retaining wall as compared
to the gravity retaining wall, is slightly reduced, is reduced by providing a small amount
of reinforcement, in the face of this retaining wall. So, this is reinforcement that is used,
and this is the filling material this side. Now third type of retaining wall, is cantilever
retaining wall. For this type of retaining wall, which is made up of PCC; plain cement
concrete, so this is the ground surface. Now, this type of retaining wall, which is made
by RCC reinforce cement concrete, and where these are the reinforcements, and which is
suitable for a height of 6 to 8 meter, suitable for a height of 6 to 8 meter. And the next one, another type of retaining
wall is, that is counter fort retaining wall, where this is the retaining structure, and
this is the longitudinal side, where with some interval this counter forts are used.
So, these are called counter forts, this is. Now this type of reinforce, this type retaining
wall, they providing. The use of this counter fort is to reduce the shear force, and the
bending moment in the vertical steam of the slab. So, this portion is call as steam of
the retaining wall. So, this counter forts are used, to reduce the shear force and bending
moment, moment which is inducing the vertical steam of the retaining wall, and the base
slab also. This is the base slab. So, to reduce the shear force and bending
moment of this base slab, and the steam, these retaining and counter forts are used. This
counterforts are use which certain intervals. Now economical for, if the retaining wall
height, if this is the height of the retaining wall. Now, if height is more than 6 to 8 meter,
then this type of retaining wall is very suitable, and this counterforts are used on the backfill
side, because this is our backfill side. So, this counter forts are used in the backfill
side. So, these are the four different types of retaining wall. So, first one is gravity
retaining wall, where this most of the stability is get in from the weight of the retaining
wall, and where these where use using the plain cement concrete; PCC. Then the next
one is semi gravity retaining wall, where the size of the gravity retaining wall is
reduced, by providing the small amount of the reinforcement.
And the third one is cantilever retaining wall, where the RCC reinforce cement concrete
is used, for that type of retaining wall. Now, if get cantilever retaining wall is suitable
for the 6 to 8 meter height, now if height of the retaining wall is more, more than 6
to 8 meter, then you have to go for this counter fort retaining wall, to provide the counter
fort which is used to reduce the bending moment and shear force, which is induced in the vertical
stream and the base of the slab. And this counterforts are provided at the backfill
side. Now we have to we have to design, we have to these different types of retaining
wall. So, first I will go for this gravity retaining wall, and then we for you go for
the gravity retaining wall, you should know what are the different types of factor of
safety we have to determine, what are the checks we have to do for this design of retaining
wall. First, suppose if this is a typical section
of retaining wall; say, where this one is the backfill side, this is ground surface,
and this is foundation. So, this is our backfill side. So, this portion is filled with soil,
and this portion is avoided, and here this is foundations soil. So, this retaining wall,
as to retain the soil pressure, so that means, the soil will give the lateral pressure on
this retaining wall. So now, if I go through the fill body diagram of this, different retaining
wall structure. So, these are the, if this is the center of this retaining wall, or if
this is b by 2, this one also b by 2, so total it is b. And if this is the height of the
retaining wall H, then first this active earth pressure, that will act at, this is P a; active
earth pressure, that will act at H by 3 distance from the base of this retaining wall, because
this. And then similarly when we know that this retaining wall, if it is move in this
direction, then this space will be active earth pressure. Similarly these soil, these
portion, below the foundation soil, this soil will also provide a lateral pressure, in opposite
to the P a. So, that is the opposite to the moment of
this retaining wall. So; that means, here act one passive earth pressure; that will
act. So, this is our passive earth pressure P P. So, this one is the 2 of the retaining
wall. So, this passive earth pressure also acts. Suppose this is the depth of the, or
the portion of, base of the retaining wall is at a depth of D, from the foundation soil.
Then, where this soil will provide applied a passive earth pressure, and this soil will
applied as active earth pressure. And now, if we go for the reaction force, for this
base of the retaining wall, because this weight of the retaining wall; so that will act in
this direction, this is the weight self-weight of the retaining wall; that will act. Now
of this is this reaction will act in this direction, if we take the two components of
this direction R. So, about this is, this reaction is R, and if we take the two components;
this is R H dash, and this one R v dash. So, now the, this distance from the two of
this reaction force, is say x bar, and from the center this one say e. So, now, what are
the forces that we will consider, so that means, we consider the active bar pressure,
we will consider the passive bar pressure, we will consider the self-weight of this retaining
wall, for the gravity retaining wall delta 1 will, when we go for the cantilever retaining
wall, then for different theories, we have to consider the weight of the soil also. So,
this weight will act in the downward direction, this active earth pressure will act from this
direction, and the passive earth pressure act in the opposite direction. So, there is
a friction that will act, in between the base of the foundation, or retaining wall, and
the soil. So that means, then, for this vertical and
horizontal force. So, there is two basically vertical and horizontal force, then there
is a reaction that will developed, at the base of the foundation. So, if I take the
two components of this reaction; one is R H dash, one is R v dash. Now say this R is
acting as a distance of x bar, from the two of the retaining wall, and so that point of
this reaction force, is also at a distance of P from the center of the or the of the
retaining wall. So now, if I go for this equilibrium condition, so say R v dash is equal to W,
so that means, this R v dash, that is equal to the W. This vertical components equal to
this term. Another one, this R H dash; that is equal to this R H dash, is equal to P a
minus P p. The if I neglect this P p, because this portion of force, if I neglect, because
as this P p is very small compact to this P a, and this P p will also provide additional
safety for this retaining wall. So, if I neglect this P p, and consider only P a by neglecting
P p, then R H dash will be equal to P a. Now another condition we have to take moment,
from the with the respective toe, and that moment should be 0. For equilibrium condition,
if I take moment from the toe, and this will be 0.
So, we can write, that R v dash into x bar; that is equal to W, and if W is acting at
a distance of a, or is acting at x distance of a, from the toe of the retaining walls,
and this is W into a, then minus P a into H by 3, as we are neglecting the P p. So,
we can write, that x bar is equal to W a minus P a, into H by 3 divided by R v dash. So,
we can write this all, if we can write in the general form, then W a; that is the summation
of all moment, which is giving the resistance, because this o at, this actually giving the
resistance. And this P a, is trying to overturn this retaining wall. So, it is pushing from
this side, and trying to overturn this retaining wall, and this weight of the retaining wall,
basically providing the resistance. So, that moment is resistive moment, minus summation
of the over turning moment or M, and divided by all force of the vertical force. So, these
are the vertical force. So; that means, we can calculate the x bar in the summation of
resistive moment, minus summation of overturning moment, divided by summation of vertical force.
So now, we can right that our e, eccentricity is equal to b by 2 minus x bar. So, once we
get, we determine was we this x bar using this expression. So, we can determine the
e value also by b by 2 minus x bar. Now, based on that, what are the different
stability check that will consider. The first one is that there is a sliding between, if
I take this a photographs here. So, there is a sliding between the soil, and the retaining
wall base. So; that means, it may fail, because of the sliding. If the sliding is, if the
friction force is not enough in this base, and of the retaining wall and the soil, then
there is a possibility of sliding. So, that sliding we have to prevent. Now sliding force;
that means, for no sliding condition, we have to check the factor of safety. So, factor
of safety f, is for the no sliding condition. The sliding force is a resisted by this vertical
force into the coefficient of friction. So, this R v dash, and mu, and the sliding force
is this, there is this is a possibility of slide, because of these R H force. So, that
is R H dash. So, where we can write; that mu is the
coefficient of friction, between
base of the
wall and soil, we can write that is equal
to tan delta. Now in this case, this factor of safety should
be equal to 1.5, so that will give the no sliding condition. So, next one is, overturning,
no overturning condition; that means, because of this force, because of this P a force it
will overturn this retaining wall, and this weight will assist this overturning force.
So, we have to no overturning condition; that means, if we consider the first factor of
safety for no overturning condition; that is the summation of M R, divided by summation
of M O; overturning. So, where summation of M R is sum of all resisting
moment about toe, and summation of M O is
sum of all overturning moment about toe. So, for this previous case, if I get the factor
of safety for overturning case F a o, or factor of safety for sliding F a s, then if o that
will give us for the this previous case, W a divided by P a into H by 3, and that should
be also greater than 1.5 to 2. So, next check that we have to toe, that for the bearing
capacity check. So; that means, next check is no bearing capacity
failure. So, no bearing capacity failure means, if the base soil or foundation soil is very
poor, then we have to check, then there is a possibility that soil will fail, because
of as the vertical load is coming on that soil. So, we have to check for the bearing
capacity failure also, whether this soil is capable to take the load of these retaining
wall, including that soil pressure, that is coming on the that foundation soil. Now for
that purpose, we have to calculate the stress p max of the soil; that will give us the R
v dash, all the summation of vertical force divided by, with of the retaining wall, into
1 plus 6 e divided by b, and or the P min, minimum 1 is R v dash divided by b 1 minus
6 e divided by b. But here as we are considering the maximum state, so we work as a, taking
this P max. And now for the factor of safety, for bearing capacity failure; that will be
q m a divided by P max, where q m a is equal to the allowable bearing pressure, or this,
can this F s this should be greater than equal to 3. So, that means, this soil pressure,
that it can take it can able to take and divided by P max, so that we will give this factor
of safety. Then first check, forth check, that no tension failure, no tension condition,
and that totally depends on. Suppose if I get, this is our base of the
retaining wall, so this stress distribution, as we will go for this P max and P min. So,
we may get this type of distribution for the stress the stress distribution, at the base
of the retaining wall, we may get this type of stress distribution; this is P min, and
this is P max. Now there is a possibility, that we may get this type of distribution
also, where this will, if this is positive if this will give us this P min, this is P
max, so this will give us the tension condition. So, this will give you the negative stress,
and that will give us the tension condition. So, we have to avoid this no tension condition,
if this type of situation arises, then we have to avoid this no tension condition. And
for the no tension condition, it is occur when if a is greater than equal to b by 6.
So, if e is less than b by 6, then we have to read re design the dimension of the retaining
wall, to avoid the no tension, to avoid the tension developed in the base of the retaining
wall. So, for the no tension condition, this e should
be equal to greater than b by 6. So, these are the four checks, we have to do during
the design of retaining wall first. first We have to design the rough step, if I go
for the design of this retaining structure, first we have to roughly design the dimension
of the retaining wall, by based on the provided guidelines. Then we have to first see, whether
this retaining wall is safe, we can sliding and bearing or not. If it is safe, then we
have to go for, whether the no tension condition is occurred or not, then finally, we have
to go for the bearing pressure calculation. So, all this four conditions if satisfy, then
we can decide, so this dimension will proved for the retaining structure. Now, next one
that, for the other these checks, addition to this checks, what are the different other
design criteria is all guidelines. So, first we will go for the gravity retaining
wall. Suppose, this is the retaining wall, this is gravity retaining wall, and this is
the ground surface, which is inclined at angel i with the horizontals surface, this is our
vertical string. Now provided guideline, suppose this is the existing soil, and this is the
backfill. Now this say, is the depth of the retaining wall t. And then
for this, if I consider the vertical line
along the, this face, then will give the, this height of the retaining wall is H say.
So, this is say, height of the retaining wall H. Now for the guideline, which is provided
that this top portion, it take around 0.3 meter, or 300 millimeter. Now the slop is
one is 230. Now this height of this base; that is taken as H by 10. Now with this guideline,
this is weight an consider two third of H, and this portion, this extended portion is
taken H by 6. Now, if I joint this line with this extend point, and if this angle is alpha,
and this angle is eta, then and what are the forces that will act? So, this is the weight
of the concrete W c, and this is weight of the soil, you can consider.
So, if I go that D value, this D is at least 0.6 meter, we have to provide this D value
at least 0.6 meter. Whereas, base width, this base width of the retaining wall, so base
width we can consider 0.5 H to 0.7 H, in between 0.5 H 2.7. Now, this earth pressure that will
act; so now this earth pressure diagram, if I consider this earth pressure; so this earth
pressure act, this will act P a for the soil, and here we also act the passive earth pressure,
this is active earth pressure, which if we consider, neglect this passive earth pressure.
So, this earth pressure can be calculated, either Rankine’s formula or Coulomb’s
theory. Now for this Rankine’s theory if I consider, this earth pressure can be computed
either by Rankine’s theory or by Coulomb’s theory. Now for Rankine’s theory, the shear
zone should not pass through the stem; that means, that this line is the extreme line
of this condition. If this line is passing through this stem, then that is not acceptable,
if I consider the Rankine theory. So, to satisfy that condition, and this angle
we can calculate this is 45 degree, plus i by 2 minus phi dash by 2, phi is the friction
angle, minus sin inverse, sin i divided by sin phi dash. Similarly alpha is equal to
45 degree plus i by 2, minus i by 2, plus sin inverse sin i divided by sin phi dash.
So, now, if i is equal to 0, then alpha is equal to 45 degree, plus phi dash by 2. So,
first we have to check whether this line is, if I consider the Rankine theory, we have
to consider, check whether this line is passing through this stem or not. So, this for the
shear zone, this line should not be pass through this stem. So, this is the extreme point.
Now, there is a few things, that we have to clarify, that if I consider, suppose this
is the retaining wall and we can use the Rankine’s theory. Now if I use the Rankine’s theory,
suppose this is the two, if I consider the same Retaining’s wall. So, if I this is our foundation, this is the
ground surface, this is backfill side. So, then we first, we if we use the first case,
we will use the Rankine theory; and next one, if I use the coulomb’s theory; so the same
retaining wall if I consider for the coulomb’s theory, for the different forces that you
have to consider, that again if I join this point, so this is alpha. So, here alpha as
i is equal to 0, alpha will 45 degree plus phi by 2, and then this angle. So, now this
P a will act here, now this is our base. Now for the coulomb’s theory as you know this,
if I draw a vertical line a perpendicular line, so this is 90 degree perpendicular line,
if the face of this size side of the retaining wall, then P a we will act with an angle delta
of the vertical line. So, this perpendicular line P a will act with an angle delta. Now,
whereas in case of Rankine’s theory, it will act if the parallel to this backfill
side size; if it is angle i then it will act with an angle of i, where as it will act,
it parallel to this. So, here also, this is the surface, ground surface in parallel to
ground surface. Now what are the forces that will consider
this, here the weight of concrete that we will consider. Again, this is also the ground
surface, here the weight of this concrete we will consider. In additional to that, we
will consider the weight of the soil also, it mean this area. So, that mean here we are
not considering the weight of the soil. Here we are considering the weight of the soil,
and weight of this concrete also. But here this will act parallel to this ground surface,
here it will act perpendicular line with making angle delta, where delta is the friction angle
between the soil and wall. So, delta is the interface angle between soil and the wall.
So, these two things we have to remember, when if you use the two different theory,
so as this analysis point. The next one for the semi gravity retaining wall, for the gravity
retaining wall, we have discussed about different types of loading condition. Now semi gravity
retaining wall, where this base width is slightly smaller, as compare to the gravity one, rest
of the design process are same. So, next when we will go for the cantilever
retaining wall design; so for the cantilever retaining wall, so for the cantilever retaining
wall, suppose this is the particular cantilever retaining wall. So, this is the ground surface
in the backfill size, which is making an angle i again, and now this is the D, depth of the
retaining wall, and this one is the H, height of the retaining wall. Now, again if I consider
the ranking expression, then if you joint this line, this will give the H, and if I
join the vertical line. Now, this is the earth pressure distribution. So, this P a will act,
which parallel to the ground line. And now the recommendation this, as this top
portion is 0.3 meter, now this angle is again 1 by 30. Now this H, this height or the base
width, the thickness of this base is 0.1 H, this is 0.1 H. Now this distance is also 0.1
H, this one this, at this t junction, this thickness is also recommended 0.1 H, and this
one is two third of H roughly, or its base width is two third of H or 0.5 H to 0.7 H.
Now, similarly thickness of this side is also, is taken at it is either 0.1 H, or H by 12
2 H by 8. So, that means, it is in between; that is H by 10 this is consider here. So,
this is average value of this two, this 0.1 H, but the, this range is H by. So, these
are the guidelines, to starting the, to choose the initial dimension of the, this retaining
wall. So, now this one is, this distance we can first choose, then we will consider the
weight. So, these are different weights; first we
will consider, we will consider weight of concrete, we will consider weight of soil,
if I check the ranking expressions. Now for this condition, what are the factor of safety,
we will choose for this type of retaining wall; that first one, that we will consider
the factor of safety, factor of safety against, this is sliding. So, in this factor of safety
that will give us the, total vertical force for the sliding, into 10 delta or delta 1;
so where this delta or delta dash, where delta dash is the interface angle between the base of wall and soil. So, this
is the interface friction angle, between the base of wall and the soil. So, this is the
summation of v into tan delta, plus this if this total width is b, suppose this base width
is b, b into C 2; C 2 is the cohesion of the base soil, plus this P p, if I consider the
passive force P p; that is also acting here. So, if I consider P p is the passive force,
so that will give you the base friction angle, divided by P H or the P a; that is horizontal
force so; that means, this force, this P p will act here, this is the passive resistance
that will act. So, P P b, where b is the base width, and C 2 is the cohesion of soil, or
foundation soil. So, there is two type of soil; one is foundation soil, whether retaining
wall is resting, another is backfill soil. So, C 2 is the cohesion of the foundation
soil, so that means the summation of all the forces into the friction angle, divided by
b into C 2, divided by P p, this passive resistance, plus this is plus b C 2 plus P p and divided
by P a. So, this is for the sliding force that we can consider for this type of analysis.
Now if I consider the total few body diagram, or the total forces of these type of retaining
wall, then this is the vertical portion. So, this is retaining wall on this angle,
which is making an angle i, this is ground surface, so therefore this edge. So, this
is our active pressure that will act, so with an angle i. So, P active with an angle i,
this is for the backfill soil. The next for this type of soil, where this backfill soil,
generally this is a phi type of soil that mean cohesion is not consider, this phi type
of soil, then if it is a base soil, if it is a C phi type of soil, then we will get
this type of distribution of the soil pressure. So, this is our C type of soil. Now, here
we will consider this passive pore pressure, and this the reaction force that will act
in the base, in this point, and this is P min, and this is P max. So, this reaction
will act in this form, so that will give us, this is P min P max. Now to calculate the
weight, suppose for this top portion, this I will give us C 2 C root K p, and for this
bottom portion, and this P p 1; that will act at distance of D by 3. This is P P, if
this distance is D. So, for this P P we can divide this part into two different portions;
one this is P P, so one is P p 1, and another one, for this one is P p 2. So, this is P
p 2, that will act at a distance of D by 2. So, now, final if I consider this stress again
if I draw here. So, this is the passive force distribution for this portion.
So, this is the D; depth of the this foundation soil, and then this stress value is 2 C 2
root K p, and this value is K p gamma 2 D plus 2 C 2 root K p. Where K p is the coefficient
of passive earth pressure, and gamma 2 is the unit weight of the base soil. So here,
this base soil, so there is, we can say the dimension, this is the C 1 cohesion of the,
and phi 1 and this is gamma 1. Similarly, here also C 2 phi 2 gamma 2, most of the cases
this C 1 is 0 for the backfill case. So, this is the, if I consider this forces. So, these
are the pressure that will act. So, if I take the two parts; one is this is P p 1 which
is acting, this is triangle at distance of D by 3, from the base. Another is, acting
as P p 2, this is P p 2, which is acting as a distance of D by 2 from the base. So finally,
so we can, first we have to determine the stress of this triangle portion, which is
acting as a distance of D by 2, and then this stress of this rectangular portion, which
is acting as distance of D by 2 from the base. Then certainly if we act these two stress,
then we will get the total passive force; that is acting P p for this portion, and then
we can acting, we can determine
the point of application. So, suppose if the H bar or D bar is the point of application
of this passive force, that we can determine that P p 1 into D by 3 plus P p 2 into D by
2, divided by P p 1 plus P p 2, so total force. So, in this way, first we have to calculate
the P p 1 from this triangular force, this triangle that, because we know the stresses
at this edge and this edge, and then P p 2 for this rectangular portion. Then we can
determine D b bar, and this stress P P max and P min we can determine by using the previous
expression, then P a will also calculate for the passive of the active force, that is active.
So, now for the width calculation, we can divide this retaining wall into different
section. Suppose, so first we can consider, this is the first section, this is section
2, this is section 3, this is section 4, this is section 5. So, this 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, so all
these section we can divide, we can take, and then separately we can determine the weight
of every section. And then finally, we can determine the factor of safety, against the
sliding, overturning, then bearing capacity and all those things. Now when we calculate
this P a, then we can calculate this P a value, then P a, this force will give us the half
into gamma into H square into K a, where gamma is unit weight of the soil, H is the height
of the retaining wall, suppose this is the height of the retaining wall, and K is the
active coefficient of active earth pressure. Now, this coefficient of active earth pressure
for the Rankine’s and the Coulomb’s, there are different expressions have given. So, for the Rankine’s theory, if I use the
Rankine’s theory, then this K a is equal to cos i into cos i minus root over cos square
i minus cos square phi dash, then divided by cos i plus root over cos square i minus
cos square phi dash. And for the passive, this passive earth pressure for the Rankine’s
case cos i; that is cos i plus root over cos square i minus cos square phi dash divided
by cos i minus root over cos square i minus cos square phi dash. Thus if i is equal to
0, then K a for the ranking case is 1 minus sin phi, dash 1 plus sin phi dash, and K p
is just reversed 1 plus sin phi dash, 1 minus sin phi dash. Now, if I use the coulomb’s
theory, then we will get that K a is equal to, for the case of coulomb’s theory K a
is equal to. So, now suppose if this is our. So, retaining wall, and here this force is
acting here, we draw a perpendicular line, is acting angle delta, so and this is our
horizontal line. And if this angle is beta, so this angle is beta, this is acting a delta
is horizontal line, and this angle will give us that 90 degree minus beta.
Now, here this is the value, now for this type of K a will get, by this expression;
that sin square beta plus phi dash. Now this is sin square beta, sin beta minus delta,
then 1 plus root over sin phi dash plus delta, into sin phi dash minus i divided by sin beta
minus delta, into sin beta plus i and total this is square, for c 0 condition. Now, similarly
for the K p, that will calculate by sin square beta minus phi dash, divided by sin square
beta, sin beta plus delta 1 plus root over sin phi dash plus delta, sin phi dash plus
i sin beta plus delta, sin beta plus i, then total square. So, by this where we can determine
the passive and active coefficient of earth pressure for Rankine’s theory, and for Coulomb’s
theory if we use different condition. So, in the next class I will discuss about the
different, and solve a few problems to show that how to design; design means to determine
the dimension of the retaining wall, by considering the different factor of safety for sliding,
overturning, bearing and no tension condition, and to choose a proper dimension of the retaining
wall. Thank you.

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1. Yash Sahu

sir,why not we provide this video with some of animation,I mean its better to understand if we see that how soil is sliding and how it is overturning,and how it is resisted by forces.
if you see the MIT university videos you better understand what I want to say.

2. Aman Dembla

so many mistakes in speaker's language, but still long lectures looks boring , provide animations if you can.

3. life is good

thanks for the video, very informative better than how we were being taught in nz

4. Geotechnical Engineering

Want to calculate a retaining wall? Calculate Gravity, Semi-Gravity and MSS Walls using LRFD, Eurocode7 or
Fs methods using SoilRetaining! Check out our channel for practical

Your phone is ringing sir

6. Bharath K

speed up sir

7. P Karna

Thank you Sir for an outstanding presentation. I find this extremely valuable. Thank you again, and please continue to upload more in future.

8. Shashi Ranjan

Alpha expression (angle of shear line with hozi.) for calculation of gravity retaining wall is incorrect.

9. Tamizh Azhagan

Sir thanks for providing me such useful classes.

10. Naresh Sharma Sharma

sir i like your lectur it is really changing education system

11. Barsa Mallick

Many many thx… sir….

12. Ahmed Zayed

Please , I want solve example about Anchors and Tie back

13. ENG SASA

what am i do if theres water effect on retaning wall. such as the canal ..(water caused rurning or no)

14. MUDE SANTHOSH KUMAR NAIK

sir Pls give a class on estimation of concerte quantity and steel quantity of a retaining wall

sir i am from kharagpur, i am also a civil engineer i want to meet to you and somthing learning from you , if u hv to problem to give your contact no here then you can call my no 8927147666.. plz sir

16. saurabh saxena

sir mujhe aap retain wall ki quantity kese measure kese karenge please bta di jiye apne video mai

17. Ashok Kumar

For those who'e complaining about pace of the lecture, please increase your speed settings to 1.5 or 2.

18. Narayanan Jayachandran

Before starting to watch the video, please read below.
1. select a play speed of 1.25x or 1.5x, with 1.0x play speed you will find it boring any you may sleep.
2. When he starts writing something, press the right arrow once or twice so it skips to a point where he has completed writing it.
3. Promise to yourself to not close this video before watching it completely. This is very important.
4. As and when required, pause this video and watch some animations of whatever concept he explains for better clarity. There are tons of animations in youtube.
All the best. This lecture will be really helpful, trust me.

19. Er. kunj bihari ranga

sir IS code is used or not please tell me

20. manoj kashyap

Abey saaley idiot convert in hindi

21. Priyantha Kumara

Very good and valuable lecture Sir

22. Pankaj Kumar

awsm sir…

23. Prakash Chavan

How to design gabion wall

H what you have provided to gravity retaining wall is wrong…H will be the top of the stem to the Bottom of the base

The value of alpha is ohk…but in eqn of alpha you should not mention that 'i'…u should mention effective angle of shearing resistance phi dash

26. Eminem all songs

Off karo channels

27. H eMm

If explained with direct taking question,then we can understand easily,bcuz its very difficult to learn like this

When will(if) backfill side stem face be sloped?

29. Assadullah Malang Yar

thanks from your nice feel

30. Durgesh kumar

Thank you sir

31. MANOJ T

Nice

32. Eng Zabi Mahmodi

please design stone masonry wall